Hydroalcoholic extract of Azadirachta indica showed anti- hyperglycemic activity in rat Chattopadhyay et al. Aqueous and alcoholic extract as well as lyophilized powder of Eugenia jambolana showed reduction in blood glucose level Sheela and Augusti Water extract of Morus alba leaves have been reported good potential of inhibiting the alpha-glucosidase Yogisha and Rabeesha Besides number of medicinal plants, such as Momordica charantia, Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus amarus, Pterocarpus marsupium, Tinospora cordifolia Wadkar et al.
Antigen presenting cells APCs are involved in the fighting against antigens. These antigens could be fungi, bacteria, viruses which are processed by APCs presented to T-cells for further processing. Phagocytic cells which are involved in immune system are neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes they engulf and destroy the antigens or foreign substances with their intercellular mechanisms Ranjith et al.
The uses of plant products as immunostimulants or immunosuppressants have a traditional history and are ancient as human civilization Rates Treatments of many diseases were done by modulating the immune system or function by using medicinal plants and their products was also the fundamental principal of therapeutic approach Ismail and Asad The therapeutic potential of immunomodulatory agents from plant products and the Ayurvedic concepts of preventive healthcare have been highlighted by many researchers Dahanukar et al.
It has been reported that the immunomodulatory properties of Em- belica officinalis and Evolvulus alsinoides were evaluated in adjuvant-induced arthritic rat model Gunju et al.
Ethanolic extracts of Acorus calamus inhibited proliferation of mitogen and antigen-stimulated human proliferated blood mononuclear cells. Also, A. Tinospora cordifolia is reported to protect against lipopolysaccharide-induced mortality Desai et al. Ethanolic extract of Boerhavia diffusa significantly inhibit the cell proliferation Mungan- tiwar et al. Besides, number of other plants, such as Centella asiatica, Eclipta alba, Nyctanthus sp.
Several chemotherapeutic, cytotoxic and immunomodulatory agents are available to treat cancer but besides enormous expensive, these drugs are associated with serious side effects and morbidity. In this context, number of medicinal plants and their active component were found effective for anticancer activity Aggarwal et al.
Different phytochemicals, such as tea catechins, soy genistein, fiber bytyrate, etc. Crucifer such as cabbage, cauliflower has reported to decrease breast cancer. Antimutagenic effect of different Ayurvedic medicinal plants, i. A detailed study on the molecular targets of chemopreventive agents, such Guggulstrone from Commiphora mukul, Curcumin from Curcuma longa, Withanolide from Withania somnifera, Boswellic acid from Boswellia serrata have shown their potential as anticancer agents Aggarwal et al.
This has further illustrated that the tumour cells use multiple cell survival pathways to prevail and agents that can suppress these multiple pathways have great potential in the treatment of cancer. The chemical constituents present in the medicinal plants are a part of the physiological functions of living cells and hence they are believed to have better compatibility with human body. Also, the plants are in use for centuries to cure various ailments.
The main preoccupation with the use of synthetic drugs is the side effects which can be even more dangerous than the diseases they claim to cure. In contrast, plant-derived medicines are based upon the premise that they contain natural substances that can promote health and alleviate illness and proved to be safe, better patient tolerance, relatively less expensive and globally competitive. India is recognized to have a rich system of traditional medicines and one of the major raw materials producing nation.
Ayurveda is supposed to be the oldest among the organized traditional system of medicine. In India, around 25, effective plant- based formulations are used in folk medicine, and over 1. The major groups of the phytochemicals obtained from plant showed antioxi- dant activities and are known to prevent several degenerative diseases. A number of Indian medicinal plants are investigated for their antioxidant activity and found effective in various diseases Table The rhizome is stomachic, car- minative, bronchodilator, stimulant, and tonic and traditionally used in dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, liver complaint, etc.
Sweet flag anticholinesterase activity , Ahmad et al. Araceae Aegle marmelos Fruit, seed Constipation, diarrhea, peptic ulcer, ear Antidiabetic, anti-lipid peroxidative and Kamalakkannan and Stone apple diseases, respiratory disorders, diabetes radioprotective activity in hepatic and Prince Rutaceae renal tissues in diabetic rats; protect DNA damage and genomic instability, scavenge radical-induced damage Allium cepa Bulb, leaf Jaundice, asthma, epilepsy, Diallyl disulphide inhibits stomach cancer; Campos et al.
Garlic colon, breast, endometrium; sulfur Liliaceae compounds inhibit cancer cells proliferation; anti-inflammatory, anti- diabetic continued I. Table Zingiberaceae ulcerative, anti-dementia, fever. Custard apple, seetaphal vomiting, cough, malignancy, general the activity of antioxidant enzymes and , Kaleen et al. Annonaceae tonic strong superoxide radicals and singlet oxygen quenchers Aristolochia bracteolata Seeds, whole Intestinal worms, constipations, Positive effect on wound healing, significant Shirwaikar et al.
Daruhaldi fruit malaria, healing ulcers , Andola et al. Berberidaceae Boerhavia diffusa Root Inflammations, leucorrhoea, ophthalmia, Decrease level of thiobarbituric acid reactive Satheesh and Pari Spreading hogweed, lumbago, myalgia, scabies, cardiac substances TBARS and increases the , Surveswaran punarnava disorders, jaundice, anemia, cough, activity of glutathione peroxidase GPX et al. Cabbage stomach, colon, rectum, breast, Brassicaceae cardiotonic, antiinflammatory Camellia sinensis Leaf Hemicranias, pain in heart, eye trouble, Radical scavenging and antioxidant activity; Surveswaran et al.
Green tea, chai piles, inflammation, blood purifiers Catechins are useful for heart and lung Brassicaceae diseases Capsicum annum Fruit Peptic ulcer, cardiac diseases Stimulant, stomachic given in neuralgia, Materska and Perucka Red chili rheumatism, sore throat, diarrhea , Sun et al. Solanaceae Carum copticum Seed Gastric trouble, amenorrhea, blood vomiting Radical scavenging and antioxidant activity Wojdylo et al. Chenopodiaceae continued I.
Cucumber, kheera antipyretic Cucurbitaceae Curculigo orchioides Rhizome Hepatitis, piles, irritable bowel syndrome, Radical scavenging and antioxidant Surveswaran et al. Black musali erectile dysfunction, low libido, low activity , Wojdylo Cucurbitaceae sperm count, low sperm, diuretic, skin et al. Zinziberaceae contraception, swelling, whooping fibrosarcoma, stomach papilloma; cough, skin disease hepatoprotective, hypo-lipidemic cardiotonic, antidiabetic Curcuma zedoaria Rhizome Menstrual disorders, abdominal discomfort, Radical scavenging and antioxidant Mongkolsilp et al.
Zedoary ulcers, dyspepsia, flatulence, indigestion, activity , Surveswaran Zinziberaceae vomiting, coughs, blood circulation, et al. Gab, tinduk ulcer inhibitor , Mondal et al. Ebenaceae Diospyros peregrine Fruits Skin diseases, wounds and ulcers, blood Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic Dewanjee et al.
Fabaceae bronchitis, abdominal pain, snake bite Hedychium spicatum Rhizome Stimulant, tonic, carminative, stomachic, Radical scavenging and reducing Joshi et al. Acanthaceae peroxidation activities Juglans regia Fruit kernel Laxative, anthelmintic, herpes, eczema, Radical scavenging and antioxidant Surveswaran et al. Kamal, lotus liver diseases diuretic , Nymphaeaceae Rai et al. Lamiaceae asthma, chronic pain of joints, inflammation, enlarge spleen, dysentery Ocimum sanctum Whole plant, Heart diseases, blood biliousness, Radical scavenging and antioxidant Gupta et al.
Lamiaceae asthma, chronic pain of joints, inflammation, enlarge spleen, dysentery Origanum vulgare Whole plant Cough influenza, toothache, fever, diarrhea, Radical scavenging and antioxidant Surveswaran et al.
Van tulsi colic rheumatism, hysteria, epilepsy, activity Lamiaceae headache, inflammation, paralysis, bronchitis Phaseolus vulgaris Fruit Diabetes Antioxidant, anticancer, urine flow Venkateswaran and Pari French bean stimulator b Fabaceae Phyllanthus emblica Fruit liver disorders Radical scavenging and antioxidant Poltanov et al. Salvia inflammation of skin, hemorrhoids, activity Lamiaceae dysentery Solanum tuberosum Tuber Ulcer, cough, weakness, diuretic, Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibiting Pihlanto et al.
Striga orobanchoides Whole plant Antidiabetic, antiimplantation and Increase level of catalase, SOD and Raj and Shalini , — estrogenic activity ascorbic acid, decrease level of thio- Badami et al. Himalayan yew, Thuner used in asthma, bronchitis, hiccough, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, Taxaceae epilepsy, indigestion antinociceptive, anti-ulcerogenic, cytotoxic properties continued I.
Adrak, ginger sunth disease analgesic, anti-inflammatory, astringent , Zingiberaceae Ghasemzadeh et al. Furanoid diterpene hedychenone isolated from the rhizome of the species have shown to possess antiinflammatory activities. Labdane diterpenes isolated from the rhizomes of species showed cytotoxicity against various types of cancer cells. Essential oil of the species and its extract possess strong reducing properties and free radical scavenging properties Joshi et al.
Total phenolic content varied from 2. Anti- oxidant activities of the extract are ascribed due to the presence of phenolic content Rawat et al. The species is considered to be rich antioxidant phytochemicals Bhatt et al. The species is widely accepted among local peoples for its delicious fruits and its processed products. Species contain some antioxidant phenolic compounds, such as gallic acid, catechins, hydroxybenxoic acid, and coumaric acid.
Total phenolic content varied from 1. Also, the fruits of the species possess strong reducing properties and free radical scavenging prop- erties with ABTS and DPPH assay which showed a significant relationship with phenolic and flavonoids content Rawat et al. Species is traditionally used in burning sensation, hyperdypsia, fever, cold, asthma, anemia, insanity, cataplexy, leprosy, skin diseases, anorexia, Hel- minthiasis, emaciation, haematemesis, gout, and general debility.
The tubers are sweet, refrigerant, emollient, intellect promising, aphrodisiac, depurative, appe- tiser, antihelminthic, rejuvenating, and tonic. The main properties of Chya- vanprash are protects against strain and stress, restores youth and vitality and gives strength and stamina.
These properties are attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds in the species Govindrajan et al. The total phenolic content of the species varied between 3. The species grow in temperate zone of the western Himalaya at an altitudinal range of 1,—3, m asl. The species is used as an aromatic, stimulant, carminative, and antispasmodic in Ayurvedic medicine especially in the preparation of Sudarshan churan, Darsan gaylep, Papalyasava, etc.
The plant is widely known for its use in anxiety, insomnia, epilepsy, failing reflexes, hysteria, neurosis, sciatica, tranquiliser, emmenagogue, diuretic, and hepatoprotective Baquar Plant extract of V.
The species has found beneficial for cerebrospinal system, hypochondriasis, insomnia, migraines, nervous unrest, nervous tension, neuralgia, and neuroasth- emia. Valerian is reported for depressant action on the central nervous system and antispasmodic activity Cionga Pharmacological screening of valerenal and some other components of Valeriana showed that the sedative action can be attributed to the essential oil and valepotriates fractions Wagner et al.
The valepotriates valtrate and didrovaltrate of the species have been reported to exert a spasmolytic effect Wagner et al. Antiinflammatory activity of the species in both methanolic and ethanolic extract are reported and are known to inhibit inflammation mediators, such as histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, and bradykinins, etc.
Subhan et al. Methanolic extract showed that during exposure of noisy environment ROS generation led to increase in corticosterone, lipid peroxidase, and sulphoxide dismutase, but decrease in catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glu- tathione, protein thiols, vitamins C and E levels.
Both the ethyl acetate and methanolic extract of A. Species showed presence of phenolic content ranged between 6. The species showed potent against fish pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila Bhuvaneswari and Balasundaram The antifungal activity of crude meth- anolic extract of A. The essential oil of A. The species is traditionally used as a tonic in seminal debility, malaria, and in many other folk medicines.
The Chyavanprash is categorized into Rasayana group of drugs which is a rich source of antioxidant, good hepatoprotective and immuno- modulating agent with nutritive, antiaging, and many other medicinal properties. Total phenolic and flavonoids content in the species were found 2.
Also, species showed ferric reducing antioxidant properties and free radical scavenging properties with ABTS and DPPH assay which showed a signif- icant relationship with phenolic and flavonoids content Rawat et al. In addition, the fruits of species are well known for edibility value. Various antioxidant phytochemicals, such as xanthophylls, a-carotene, b- carotene, ascorbic acid, and phenolic content has been reported from the species Andola et al.
Extract of Berberis species root has reported strong potential to regulate glucose homeostasis through decreased gluconeogenesis and oxidative stress Singh and Kakkar Curcuma species are largely being used in a variety of food products due to their antioxidant properties.
The species contain essential oil, including terpenes, alco- hols, ketones, flavonoids, carotenoids, and phytoestrogens Habash et al. Moreover, Zingiber extract is used in curry powder, sauces, ginger bread, carbonated drink, and in preparation of dietaries due to its high antioxidant activity Stoilova et al.
Zingiber officinale contains phenolic compounds gingerol which have antioxidant activity that is even greater than a-tocopherol. China and is widely cultivated and naturalized elsewhere.
Phenols and flavonoids rich fraction of Morus alba showed beneficial effect against lipid and lipoproteins and delayed the onsets of arthrosclerosis. Some of the flavonoids obtained from leaves of Morus alba, such as quercetin 3- 6-malonyglucoside attenuate the arthrosclerosis lesion development in LDL receptor deficient mice through enhancement of LDL resistance to oxi- dation modification Enkhmaa et al.
The plant contains podophyllotoxin, which has an antimiotic effect interferes with cell division and thus prevent the growth of cells. The roots contain several important anticancer lignans, including podophyllin and berberine. The roots are also antirheumatic. Radioprotective and antitumour properties in Podophyllum hexandrum extract treated animals was reported Mittal et al.
Aqueous extract of the species is reported to protect kidney and lung tissue against CCl4- induced oxidative stress Ganie et al. In vitro studies using human hepato carcinoma cell lines revealed its ability to stabilize the state of mitochondrial oxidative burst, decreased TBARS, time- dependent inhibition of gamma radiation-induced leakage of electrons in the mitochondrial electron transport chain ETC. The roots are rich source of various chemical compounds, such as picrorhiza, kutkin, D-mannitol, glycosides, cucurbitacin, kutkisterol, ste- roids, and vanillic acid.
Ashok K. A short summary of this paper. Antioxidant activity of some common plants. Free radical scavenging activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenylpicryl- hydrazyl DPPH free radical. The overall antioxidant activity of green tea Camellia sinensis Linn. Bullock and Harrison, Piper cubeba Linn. Trigonella foenum graecum Linn. Maton showed weak free radical scavenging activity with the DPPH method. All the methanolic extracts exhibited antioxidant activity significantly. The IC50 of the methanolic extracts ranged between 6.
The study reveals that the consumption of these spices would exert several beneficial effects by virtue of their antioxidant activity. Key Words: Camellia sinensis Linn. Bullock and Harrison, Piper nigrum Linn. Maton, Piper cubeba Linn. Bullock ve Harrison, Piper cubeba Linn. The majority of the brought into cultivation. Ethnopharmacological surveys antioxidant activity is due to the flavones, isoflavones, conducted among herbal practitioners of traditional Arab flavonoids, anthocyanin, coumarin lignans, catechins and medicine in Palestine and the Middle East have revealed isocatechins 1.
Steaming or drying fresh tea leaves at elevated chemoprevention of diseases and aging. The temperature makes the commercial green tea. Its chemical ethnobotanical review of the uses of plants in Jordan led composition is similar to that of fresh tea leaves.
Green tea us to investigate and compare the antioxidant activity of contains polyphenols, which include flavonols, flavandiols, these medicinally important plants like Camellia sinensis flavonoid and phenolic acids; these compounds may Linn.
Most of the green tea catechins are - epicatechingallate, - - graecum Linn. Bullock epigallocatechin, - -epigallocatechingallate, - - and Harrison, Piper nigrum Linn. Caffeine, theobromine and Linn.
Maton, and Piper cubeba Linn. In addition, there are phenolic acids such herbal therapies. Free radical scavenging activity was as gallic acids and characteristic amino acids such as evaluated in vitro using 1,1-diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl theanine 3.
DPPH free radical. Piper species, commonly used in diet and traditional medicine, were assessed for their antioxidant potential. Catalase activity predominated in Piper longum Linn. Black from Sigma Aldrich Co. Louis, USA. All other pepper P. Test plants were collected locally or obtained from the nigrum Linn. Plant material consisting of mature leaves Linn. Maton black pepper Piper nigrum Linn.
Both water extract and ethanol extract of cubeba Linn. Bullock and Harrison cloves were collected activities of Piper nigrum Linn. Fresh rhizomes of ginger Zingiber officinale The essential oil of clove flower buds Eugenia Roscoe were also collected and dried. The dried plant caryophyllus Spreng. Bullock and Harrison has been materials were powdered using a grinder. The extraction used as local anesthetic for ages.
The antimicrobial, was done at room temperature. About g of dried, anticonvulsant, ovicidal and adulticidal effects against ground plant materials were soaked in methanol 1 L of Pediculus capitis have been reported. The soaked material was commonly used household spice. Antioxidant, superoxide, dismutase, and catalase activities of Piper cubeba Linn.
The final have been reported 1,4, The filtrates obtained were Cardamom spice consists of whole or ground dried concentrated under vacuum on a rotary evaporator at 40 fruit of Elettaria cardamomum Linn.
Maton, a o o herbaceous perennial of the ginger family Zingiberaceae C and stored at 4 C for further use. The stock solution containing essential oil. Cardamom and clove gave deleterious consequences of oxidative stress. In the present reagent. The diluted working solutions of the test extracts cardamomum Linn. Maton and sweet pepper Piper were prepared in methanol.
Ascorbic acid was used as cubeba Linn. These solution mixtures were kept in dark for Camellia sinensis Linn. Methanol 1 ml officinale Roscoe and Piper nigrum Linn. Trigonella foenum graecum A—B Linn. In vitro antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of spices. Bullock and Harrison 9. Maton
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